Long Sword vs Claymore

TLDR: The long sword and claymore, each iconic in their own right, have shaped the course of European and Scottish warfare through their distinct designs, combat techniques, and notable wielders throughout history.

Few things capture the imagination quite like the clash of steel and the tales of warriors who wielded legendary blades. Among these, the long sword and the claymore stand out as iconic symbols of martial prowess. The long sword, with its elegant design and versatility, dominated European battlefields for centuries. Meanwhile, the claymore, a massive two-handed sword, became synonymous with the fierce Scottish Highlanders. Exploring the origins, development, and historical usage of these weapons is like stepping into a time machine, offering a glimpse into the lives of those who shaped history with steel in hand. While I’m no expert, I find the stories and craftsmanship behind these swords absolutely fascinating.

Long Sword: Origins and Development

The long sword’s origins and development are a fascinating journey through medieval history. This iconic weapon evolved from earlier sword designs, gradually adapting to the changing needs of warfare and advancements in armor technology.

In the early medieval period, the long sword began to take shape from its predecessors, such as the Viking sword and the Roman spatha. As plate armor became more prevalent, swordsmiths started crafting longer blades with sharper points to effectively penetrate gaps in the armor. This evolution marked the birth of the true long sword, which emerged around the 13th century.

The geographical spread of long sword usage was extensive across Europe. While it originated in Germany during the 14th century, its popularity quickly spread to other regions. Knights and soldiers from various European countries adopted the long sword, recognizing its versatility in both mounted and foot combat. The weapon’s effectiveness in battle, combined with its symbolic status, contributed to its widespread adoption.

Notable Long Sword Designs and Variations

Long swords exhibited a variety of designs and variations throughout their history. Some notable types include:

• Hand-and-a-half sword: A versatile design allowing for both one-handed and two-handed use
• Bastard sword: A compromise between one-handed swords and long swords, featuring a longer blade and shorter grip
• Type XVIIIb and XVIIIc: Later longswords with tapering blades and diamond cross-sections

The evolution of long sword designs was influenced by regional preferences and combat styles. For instance, Spanish long swords appeared relatively late compared to their European counterparts.

Claymore: Scottish Heritage

The claymore sword, a symbol of Scottish heritage, has a rich history that reflects the rugged and tumultuous landscape of Scotland itself. The term “claymore” is derived from the Scottish Gaelic “claidheamh mòr,” meaning “great sword,” which aptly describes its formidable size and presence. This mighty weapon came to prominence in the 15th century, serving as a trusted companion to the fierce Highland warriors during clan conflicts and battles against English forces.

The two-handed claymore emerged in the 15th century as a distinct style of sword known for its impressive length and power. This version of the claymore featured a long, double-edged blade with an extended hilt designed for two-handed use, making it highly effective in open battlefields. Its design was characterized by downward-sloping arms on the crossguard, often ending in quatrefoil shapes, which became a hallmark of this weapon. The two-handed claymore was not just a tool of war but also a statement of strength and loyalty to clan and country.

By the 18th century, the claymore evolved into the basket-hilted variety, which became popular due to its enhanced hand protection and versatility in combat. This development marked a shift from the earlier two-handed design to a single-handed sword with a complex guard that encased the hand, providing greater safety and control during duels and skirmishes. The basket-hilted claymore retained the broad blade but adapted to changing military needs and continued to be used well into modern times.

Long Sword vs Claymore: Physical Characteristics

When comparing the long sword and claymore, their physical characteristics reveal distinct differences that reflect their unique origins and combat purposes. The long sword, a versatile European weapon, typically measures between 90-110 cm in total length, with a blade length of 70-90 cm. Its weight ranges from 1.1 to 1.8 kg, making it manageable for both one and two-handed use. The claymore, on the other hand, is a more imposing Scottish weapon, boasting an overall length of 140-150 cm, with a blade length of about 107 cm. The claymore’s weight is considerably more substantial, ranging from 2.3 to 2.7 kg, necessitating two-handed wielding.

The blade designs of these swords also differ significantly. Long swords feature a straight, double-edged blade that tapers to a sharp point, ideal for both cutting and thrusting. As armor technology advanced, later long sword designs became more thrust-oriented with stiffer blades and acute points. Claymores, however, maintain a broader, double-edged blade throughout their length, optimized for powerful cutting strikes. The claymore’s blade often includes a fuller, a groove running along the center, which reduces weight without compromising strength.

Hilt and guard designs further distinguish these two swords:

• Long sword: Features a cruciform hilt with a straight or slightly curved crossguard, a grip long enough for two hands, and a pommel for balance.
• Claymore: Characterized by its distinctive downward-sloping arms on the crossguard, often ending in quatrefoil designs, and a longer grip to accommodate two-handed use.

Long Sword vs Claymore: Combat Techniques

The combat techniques associated with the long sword and claymore highlight their unique roles on the battlefield and the distinct fighting styles they necessitate. Each weapon’s design influences how it is wielded, offering different advantages and challenges in combat scenarios.

The long sword is renowned for its versatility, allowing for a variety of offensive and defensive maneuvers. European martial traditions, such as the German school of fencing, emphasize techniques like the “Zornhau” (Strike of Wrath) and “Zwerchau” (Cross Strike), which are powerful cuts that can transition seamlessly into thrusts or defensive positions. The long sword’s design supports a range of guards, including the Plow Guard (Pflug) and Ox Guard (Ochs), which facilitate quick transitions between attacks and defenses. Footwork is crucial, with techniques like “Springen” (leaping) enhancing reach and agility. The ability to use both edges of the blade for cuts and thrusts makes the long sword a formidable weapon in skilled hands.

The claymore, with its substantial size and weight, requires strength and precision. It is primarily used for powerful downward cuts designed to break through enemy defenses. The two-handed grip provides leverage for delivering heavy blows, making it effective in open battlefields where space allows for wide swinging motions. Unlike the more versatile long sword, the claymore’s technique focuses on maximizing force rather than finesse. The claymore’s large guard offers some protection, but its primary advantage lies in its ability to deliver devastating strikes that can incapacitate opponents quickly.

Advantages and Disadvantages in Battle

The long sword’s versatility makes it suitable for both duels and battlefield engagements, offering a balance of speed and power. However, its lighter weight can be a disadvantage against heavily armored opponents. The claymore excels in situations where brute force is required, particularly against lightly armored foes. Its size can be a hindrance in confined spaces or against quicker adversaries.

Long Sword: Historical Usage

The long sword’s historical usage spans several centuries, marking it as a pivotal weapon in medieval European warfare. Emerging in the 13th century, the long sword reached its peak prominence between 1350 and 1550. Its versatility made it a favored choice for knights and soldiers alike, serving as both a primary weapon and a reliable backup to the lance on horseback.

In medieval European warfare, the long sword’s effectiveness stemmed from its adaptability to various combat scenarios. It excelled in both mounted and foot combat, offering a balance of reach, power, and maneuverability. The weapon’s design allowed for effective use against a wide range of opponents, from lightly armored foes to heavily armored knights.

As armor technology evolved, so did the long sword. Early versions were designed primarily for slashing, but later iterations featured more tapered blades optimized for thrusting. This adaptation was crucial in combating the increasingly sophisticated plate armor of the 14th and 15th centuries. The long sword’s ability to deliver powerful strikes and precise thrusts through gaps in armor made it an indispensable tool on the battlefield.

The transition of the long sword from a battlefield weapon to a civilian and dueling weapon occurred gradually. As firearms became more prevalent in warfare and plate armor fell out of use, the long sword’s military role diminished. However, its legacy continued in civilian contexts. The weapon found new purpose in tournaments, honor battles, and as a symbol of status. Eventually, the long sword’s techniques influenced the development of the rapier, which became the standard dueling weapon by the 16th century.

Throughout its history, the long sword was not merely a weapon but also a subject of extensive study and codification. Fencing masters like Hans Talhoffer in the 15th century developed complex fighting systems for the long sword, emphasizing its versatility in combat. These codified techniques, preserved in fencing manuals, provide invaluable insights into medieval martial arts and continue to fascinate modern practitioners of historical European martial arts (HEMA).

Claymore: Scottish Warfare

The claymore sword played a pivotal role in Scottish warfare, particularly in clan conflicts, border skirmishes, and battles against English forces. This formidable weapon became synonymous with Scottish martial prowess and was wielded with devastating effect from the 15th to the 17th centuries.

In clan conflicts, the claymore’s imposing size and cutting power made it a fearsome sight on the battlefield. Highland warriors would advance while swinging the blade in a figure-eight pattern, capable of severing limbs and decapitating opponents. This technique was particularly effective in the open terrain of the Scottish Highlands, where the claymore’s reach could be fully utilized. The weapon’s presence alone often served as a powerful deterrent, symbolizing clan strength and martial skill.

Border skirmishes between Scottish and English forces saw extensive use of the claymore. Its effectiveness against both infantry and cavalry made it a versatile choice for Scottish warriors. The claymore could sever legs and even heads from fast-moving horses, making it a significant threat to mounted opponents. This capability was crucial in maintaining Scottish independence and resisting English incursions.

The claymore’s use against English forces extended beyond border conflicts. It became a symbol of Scottish resistance and national identity, particularly during the Scottish Wars of Independence. The weapon’s association with William Wallace, earning it the nickname “William Wallace Sword,” further cemented its place in Scottish military lore5.

The last major battle where the claymore saw significant use was the Battle of Killiecrankie in 1689. This conflict pitted Highland clans supporting King James VII of Scotland against troops loyal to William of Orange5. Although the Highland forces achieved victory in this battle, it marked the twilight of the claymore’s prominence in warfare. The increasing use of firearms and changing military tactics gradually rendered the massive two-handed sword obsolete on the battlefield.

Final Thoughts

In comparing the long sword and the claymore, we uncover not just differences in design and technique but also a tapestry of history that reflects the evolution of warfare itself. The long sword’s adaptability made it a staple across Europe, while the claymore’s imposing presence left an indelible mark on Scottish history. Each weapon tells its own story through its unique features and the hands that wielded it. Delving into these tales has deepened my appreciation for the artistry and innovation of those times.